Litsebi tsa kelello li nahana joang le ho ithuta kelello ea motho le boitšoaro ba hae? Psychology ke taba e kholo haholo mme ho fetisa botebo le bophara ba taba e ka ba thata. Ka lebaka leo, makala a mangata a ikhethileng le a khethollang a kelello a hlahile ho sebetsana le lihlooho tse itseng ka hare ho thuto ea kelello, boko le boitšoaro.
Lekala kapa tšimo e 'ngoe le e' ngoe e sheba lipotso le mathata ka tsela e fapaneng.
Le ha e 'ngoe le e' ngoe e tsepamisitse maikutlo holim'a mathata a kelello kapa mathata, libaka tsohle li arolelana sepheo se le seng sa ho ithuta le ho hlalosa monahano oa batho le boitšoaro ba bona.
Psychology e ka aroloa likarolo tse peli tse kholo:
- Phuputso, e batlang ho eketsa motheo oa tsebo ea rona
- Itloaetse , eo ka eona tsebo ea rona e sebelisetsoang ho rarolla mathata lefatšeng la sebele
Hobane boitšoaro ba batho bo fapane haholo, palo ea lihlopha tse ka tlaasana tsa thuto ea kelello e ntse e hōla le ho fetoha. Tse ling tsa li-subfield tsena li tiisitsoe ka thata joaloka libaka tse thahasellisang, 'me lik'holejeng tse ngata le univesithing li fana ka lithuto le mananeo a tekanyo lihloohong tsena.
Tšimo e 'ngoe le e' ngoe ea kelello ea maikutlo e emela sebaka se khethehileng sa thuto se lebisitseng sehloohong se itseng. Hangata, litsebi tsa kelello li ipapisa le tse ling tsa libaka tsena e le mosebetsi. Lintlha tse latelang ke tse ling tsa makala a maholo a kelello. Bakeng sa libaka tse ngata tse ikhethileng, ho sebetsa sebakeng seo ho hloka hore ho be le lithuto tse eketsehileng tsa thuto thupelong eo.
Psychology e sa tloaelehang
Psychology e sa tloaelehang ke sebaka se shebileng psychopathology le boitšoaro bo sa tloaelehang. Litsebi tsa bophelo bo botle ba kelello li thusa ho hlahloba, ho hlahloba le ho tšoara maloetse a sa tšoaneng a kelello ho akarelletsa ho tšoenyeha le ho tepella maikutlong. Baeletsi, litsebi tsa kelello tsa bongaka, le li-psychotherapists hangata li sebetsa ka ho toba tšimong ena.
Boitšoaro ba Psychology
Tlhahlobo ea kelello ea boitšoaro , e tsejoang hape e le boitšoaro, ke khopolo ea thuto e thehiloeng khopolong ea hore boitšoaro bohle bo fumanoa ka maemo. Le hoja lekala lena la psychology le laola tšimo karolong ea pele ea lekholo la mashome a mabeli la lilemo, e ile ea fetoha ea bohlokoa haholo lilemong tsa bo-1950. Leha ho le joalo, mekhoa ea boitšoaro e lula e le ea bohlokoa ho phekolo, thuto le libakeng tse ling tse ngata.
Hangata batho ba sebelisa mekhoa ea boitšoaro e kang maemo a khale le maemo a sebetsang ho ruta kapa ho fetola boitšoaro. Ka mohlala, mosuoe a ka 'na a sebelisa mokhoa oa litlhohonolofatso e le hore a rute liithuti ho itšoara ka tlelaseng. Ha liithuti li le ntle, li fumana linaleli tsa khauta tse ka fetolleloang bakeng sa mofuta o itseng oa tokelo e khethehileng.
Biopsychology
Biopsychology ke lekala la boikutlo ba kelello le lebisitseng tlhokomelo ea hore na boko, li-neurons le tsamaiso ea methapo li susumetsa mehopolo, maikutlo le boitšoaro joang. Tsimo ena e atisa litlhoko tse ngata tse fapaneng, ho akarelletsa le kelello ea motheo, kelello ea liteko, boeloji, thuto ea kelello, kelello ea kelello, kelello ea mahlale.
Batho ba sebetsang tšimong ena ba atisa ho ithuta kamoo likotsi tsa boko le maloetse a boko bo amang boitšoaro ba motho kateng. Ka linako tse ling Biopsychology e bitsoa kelello ea kelello, boitšoaro ba methapo ea kutlo ea maikutlo, kapa psychobiology.
Clinical Psychology
Psychological Clinic ke lekala la kelello e amehang ka tlhahlobo le kalafo ea mafu a kelello, boitšoaro bo sa tloaelehang, le mathata a kelello . Hangata lingaka li sebetsa mesebetsing ea boinotšing, empa ba bangata ba boetse ba sebetsa litsing tsa sechaba kapa liunivesithing le likoleng. Ba bang ba sebetsa sepetlele kapa litleliniking tsa bophelo bo botle ba kelello e le karolo ea sehlopha se kopanetsoeng se kenyelletsang lingaka, lingaka tsa mafu a kelello le litsebi tse ling tsa bophelo bo botle ba kelello.
Psychology e nahanang
Psychology ea kelello ke lekala la boikutlo ba kelello bo tsepamisitseng maikutlo linthong tsa kelello tsa kelello. Sebaka sena sa kelello se 'nile sa tsoela pele ho hōla ho tloha ha se hlaha lilemong tsa bo-1960.
Sebaka sena sa kelello se thehiloe ho saense ea kamoo batho ba nahanang kateng, ba ithute le ho hopola.
Litsebi tsa kelello tse sebetsang tšimong ena li atisa ho ithuta lintho tse kang maikutlo, tšusumetso , maikutlo, puo, ho ithuta, ho hopola, ho ela hloko liqeto , le ho rarolla bothata . Litsebi tsa kelello tsa kelello hangata li sebelisa mokhoa oa ho etsa tlhahiso-leseling ho hlalosa tsela eo kelello e sebetsang ka eona, e leng se bontšang hore boko bo boloka le ho sebetsana le boitsebiso bo kang k'homphieutha.
Psychology e bapisang
Ho ba le kelello e bapisoang ke lekala la kelello le amehang ka ho ithuta ka boitšoaro ba liphoofolo. Ho ithuta ka boitšoaro ba liphoofolo ho ka lebisa kutloisisong e tebileng le e pharaletseng ea kelello ea batho. Sebaka sena se simolohile mosebetsing oa bafuputsi ba kang Charles Darwin le Georges Romanes mme e se e le taba e ngata haholo. Hangata litsebi tsa kelello li kenya letsoho tšimong ena, joalo ka litsebi tsa baeloji, li-anthropologists, litsebi tsa tikoloho, liphatsa tsa lefutso le tse ling tse ngata.
Ho eletsa Psychology
Tlhahlobo ea kelello ea keletso ke e 'ngoe ea lihlopha tse kholo ka ho fetisisa tse ka tlase ho tse ling. E thehiloe ho phekola bareki ba nang le khatello ea kelello le matšoao a sa tšoaneng a kelello. Mokhatlo oa Keletso ea Psychology o hlalosa tšimo e le sebaka se ka ntlafatsang ts'ebetsong ea bophelo bo botle bophelong bohle ka ho ntlafatsa bophelo bo botle le boikutlo ba maikutlo le ho sebetsana le mathata ka bophelo bo botle, mosebetsi, lelapa, lenyalo le tse ling.
Litloaelo tsa sefapano sa litsebo
Tlhahlobo ea kelello ea moetlo-setso ke lekala la boikutlo ba kelello bo shebileng hore na lits'ebeletso tsa setso li ama boitšoaro ba batho joang Mokhatlo oa Machaba oa Kereke ea Likhohlano (IACCP) o thehiloe ka 1972, 'me lekala lena la psychology le' nile la tsoela pele ho hōla le ho ntlafatsa ho tloha nakong eo. Kajeno, palo e ntseng e eketseha ea litsebi tsa kelello e hlahloba hore na boitšoaro bo fapane joang har'a litso tse sa tšoaneng lefatšeng ka bophara.
Psychology e Tsoelang pele
Mahlale a nts'etsopele a lebisa tlhokomelo ea hore na batho ba fetoha joang le ho hōla ho pholletsa le nako eohle ea bophelo. Phuputso ea saense ea tsoelo-pele ea batho e batla ho utloisisa le ho hlalosa hore na ke hobane'ng ha batho ba fetola bophelo bohle. Litsebi tsa kelello tsa nts'elo-pele li atisa ho ithuta lintho tse kang ho hōla 'meleng, nts'etsopele ea kelello, liphetoho tsa maikutlo, khōlo ea sechaba, le liphetoho tse utloisisang tse etsahalang nakong ea bophelo.
Litsebi tsena tsa kelello li atisa ho tsebahala sebakeng se kang masea, bana, lilemong tsa bocha, kapa nts'etsopele ea mahlahahlaha, ha ba bang ba ka ithuta liphello tsa ho lieha ho ntlafatsa. Tšimo ena e akaretsa lihlooho tse kholo tsa litaba ho kenyeletsa tsohle ho tloha tsoelo-pele ea bokhachane ho ea ho lefu la Alzheimer.
Psychology ea thuto
Psychology ea thuto ke lekala la kelello e amehang likolo, ho ruta thuto ea kelello, litaba tsa thuto le mathata a liithuti. Litsebi tsa kelello tsa thuto ea kelello li atisa ho ithuta kamoo liithuti li ithutang kateng kapa li sebetsa ka kotloloho le liithuti, batsoali, mesuoe le batsamaisi ho ntlafatsa liphello tsa seithuti. Ba ka 'na ba ithuta hore na mefuta e fapaneng e fapaneng e ama liphello tsa seithuti sefe. Ba boetse ba ithuta lihlooho tse kang bokooa ba ho ithuta, limpho, ts'ebetso ea ho ruta, le ho se tšoane ka bomong.
Kelello ea Psychology
Kelello ea kelello ke lekala la psychology le sebelisang mekhoa ea saense ho etsa lipatlisiso boko le boitšoaro. Tse ngata tsa mekhoa ena li boetse li sebelisoa ke libaka tse ling tsa kelello ho etsa lipatlisiso ka ntho e 'ngoe le e' ngoe ho tloha khōlong ea bongoaneng ho ea ho litaba tsa sechaba. Litsebi tsa kelello tsa litsebi li sebetsa maemong a mangata a kenyeletsang lik'holejeng, liunivesithi, litsi tsa lipatlisiso, likhoebo tsa 'muso le tsa botho.
Litsebi tsa kelello tsa litsebi li sebelisa mokhoa oa saense ho ithuta mekhoa eohle ea batho le liketsahalo tsa kelello. Lekala lena la psychology le atisa ho nkoa e le karoloana e fapaneng ea sekolo sa thuto ea kelello, empa mekhoa le mekhoa ea liteko e hlile e sebelisoa hohle hohle sebakeng se seng le se seng sa thuto ea kelello. Mekhoa e meng e sebelisetsoang kelello ea kelello ea liteko e kenyelletsa liteko, lithuto tsa correlational , lithuto tsa liketsahalo , le tlhahiso ea tlhaho ea tlhaho .
Forensic Psychology
Forensic psychology ke sebaka se khethehileng se sebetsanang le litaba tse amanang le saense le tsa molao. Ba sebetsang tšimong ena ea kelello ea kelello ba sebelisa melao-motheo ea kelello litabeng tsa molao. Sena se ka 'na sa akarelletsa ho ithuta boitšoaro ba bokebekoa le phekolo kapa ho sebetsa ka kotloloho tsamaisong ea lekhotla.
Litsebi tsa kelello tsa litsebi tsa kelello li etsa mesebetsi e sa tšoaneng, ho kenyeletsa ho fana ka bopaki linyeoeng tsa lekhotla, ho hlahloba bana ka linyeoe tse belaetsang tsa ho hlekefetsa bana, ho lokisa bana ho fana ka bopaki le ho hlahloba bokhoni ba kelello ba liqoso tsa batlōli ba molao.
Lekala lena la thuto ea kelello le hlalosoa e le liphapano tsa kelello le molao, empa litsebi tsa kelello tse sebetsang li ka etsa mesebetsi e mengata e le hore tlhaloso ena e fapane. Maemong a mangata, batho ba sebetsang ka hare ho kelello ea bo-rasaense ha ba hlile ha ba "li-psychologists." Batho bana e ka 'na ea e-ba litsebi tsa kelello tsa bongaka, litsebi tsa kelello tsa sekolo , litsebi tsa methapo ea kelello kapa baeletsi ba alimang bokhoni ba bona ba kelello hore ba fane ka bopaki, litlhahlobo kapa litlhahiso litabeng tsa molao kapa tsa tlōlo ea molao.
Bophelo ba Psychology
Setsebi sa bophelo bo botle ke se ikhethileng se shebaneng le tsela eo boeloji, litsebi tsa kelello, boitšoaro le maemo a bophelo ka eona li amang bophelo bo botle le bokuli. Mantsoe a mang a kenyelletsang ho ba le kelello ea bongaka le meriana ea boitšoaro ka linako tse ling e sebelisoa ka mokhoa o ts'oanang le lentsoe "psychology". Tšimo ea bophelo bo botle ba kelello e lebisitse tlhokomelo ho bophelo bo botle hammoho le thibelo le phekolo ea maloetse le maloetse.
Litsebi tsa kelello tsa bophelo bo botle li thahasella ho ntlafatsa bophelo bo botle ho pholletsa le libaka tse sa tšoaneng. Litsebi tsena ha li khothalletse boitšoaro bo botle feela, hape li sebetsa ho thibela le kalafo ea maloetse le maloetse. Hangata litsebi tsa kelello tsa bophelo bo botle li sebetsana le litaba tse amanang le bophelo bo kang ho laola boima ba 'mele, ho khaotsa ho tsuba, ho laola khatello ea kelello le phepo e nepahetseng.
Ba ka 'na ba boela ba etsa lipatlisiso tsa hore na batho ba tobana joang le maloetse le ho thusa bakuli hore ba batle mekhoa e mecha ea ho sebetsana ka katleho. Litsebi tse ling lefapheng lena li thusa moralo oa ho thibela le ho lemosa sechaba, ha ba bang ba sebetsa 'musong ho ntlafatsa maano a tlhokomelo ea bophelo.
Theknoloji-Mokhatlo oa Psychology
Setsebi-khoebo ea mokhatlo o hlophisitsoeng ke lekala le sebetsang melao-motheo ea kelello ea ho etsa lipatlisiso ka litaba tsa mosebetsing tse kang tlhahiso le boitšoaro. Ts'ebetso ena ea kelello ea maikutlo, e atisang ho bitsoa "psychological I / O," e sebetsa ho ntlafatsa tlhahiso le katleho mosebetsing le ho ntlafatsa boiketlo ba basebeletsi. Lipatlisiso ka kelello ea IO e tsejoa e le lipatlisiso tse sebelisitsoeng hobane e batla ho rarolla mathata a lefatše la sebele. IO setsebi sa kelello se ithuta lihlooho tse kang boikutlo ba basebetsi, boitšoaro ba basebetsi, litsamaiso tsa mokhatlo, le boetapele.
Litsebi tse ling tsa kelello tšimong ena li sebetsa likarolong tse kang mabaka a batho , ergonomic, le ho sebelisana ha batho ka khomphutha. Lintho tsa botho tsa kelello ke tšimo e ikemetseng e tsepamisisang maikutlo lihloohong tse kang phoso ea batho, moralo oa lihlahisoa, ergonomics, bokhoni ba batho le ho sebelisana ha motho ka khomphutha. Batho ba sebetsang linthong tsa batho ba tsepamisitse maikutlo ho ntlafatsa tsela eo batho ba sebelisanang ka eona le lihlahisoa le mechine kahare le mosebetsing. Ba ka 'na ba thusa moralo oa lihlahisoa tse reretsoeng ho fokotsa kotsi kapa ho etsa libaka tse sebetsang ho khothalletsa ts'ireletso e nepahetseng le e ntlafetseng.
Botho ba Psychology
Botho ba kelello ke lekala la boikutlo ba kelello bo tsepamisitseng maikutlo ho nahana ka maikutlo, maikutlo, le boitšoaro bo etsang hore motho ka mong a ikhethoe. Likhopolo tsa khale tsa botho li kenyelletsa khopolo ea Freud ea maikutlo a kelello ea botho le khopolo ea Erikson ea tsoelo-pele ea kelello . Botho ba litsebi tsa kelello ba ka 'na ba ithuta hore na maemo a sa tšoaneng a kang liphatsa tsa lefutso, botsoali, le liphihlelo tsa sechaba li susumetsa joang botho bo hlahang le ho fetoha.
Sekolo sa Psychology
Kelello ea sekolo ke tšimo e amang ho sebetsa likolong ho thusa bana ho sebetsana le litaba tsa thuto, maikutlo, le sechabeng. Litsebi tsa kelello tsa sekolo li boetse li sebelisana le mesuoe, liithuti le batsoali ho thusa ho theha tikoloho e ntle ea thuto.
Boholo ba litsebi tsa kelello sekolong ba sebetsa likolong tsa mathomo le sekondari, empa ba bang ba sebetsa litleliniking tsa botho, lipetlele, mekhatlo ea mmuso le liunivesithing. Ba bang ba ea boinotšing 'me ba sebeletsa e le baeletsi, haholo-holo ba nang le bongaka ba thuto ea kelello sekolong.
Psychology Social
Boikutlo ba kelello ba sechaba bo batla ho hlalosa le ho utloisisa boitšoaro ba sechaba le ho shebella lihlooho tse sa tšoaneng tse kenyelletsang boitšoaro ba sehlopha, likamano tsa sechaba, boetapele , puisano e sa bueng , le tšusumetso ea sechaba mabapi le ho etsa liqeto.
Tšimo ena ea kelello e tsepamisitse maikutlo ho ithuta lihlooho tse kang boitšoaro ba lihlopha, maikutlo a sechaba, boitšoaro bo sa lokelang, ho lumellana , khatello le khethollo . Tšusumetso ea boikhathollo ea boiketlo ba sechaba ke ea bohlokoa haholo litabeng tsa kelello tsa sechaba, empa litsebi tsa kelello tsa sechaba li boetse li tsepamisitse maikutlo ho batho le ho sebelisana le ba bang.
Sports Psychology
Lipelo tsa kelello ke thuto ea hore na ke kelello ea mofuta ofe e susumetsang lipapali, boithabiso ba lipapali, boikoetliso le boithabiso. Litsebi tse ling tsa kelello tsa lipapali li sebetsa le baatlelete ba lipapali le matichere ho ntlafatsa ts'ebetso le ho eketsa tšusumetso. Litsebi tse ling li sebelisa boikoetliso le lipapali ho ntlafatsa bophelo ba batho le bophelo bo botle ho pholletsa le bophelo bohle.
Lentsoe le Tsoang ho
Psychology e lula e fetoha 'me masimo a macha le makala a ntse a tsoela pele ho hlaha. Ke habohlokoa ho hopola hore ha ho lekala le le leng la psychology le bohlokoa ho feta leha e le efe. Sebaka se seng le se seng sa rona se tlatsetsa kutloisisong ea rona ka lintho tse ngata tse fapaneng tsa kelello tse amang hore na u mang, hore na u itšoara joang, le hore na u nahana joang.
Ka ho etsa lipatlisiso le ho ntshetsa pele mekhoa e mecha ea tsebo ea kelello, litsebi tse sebetsang lekaleng le leng le le leng la kelello li khona ho thusa batho ho itlhalosa hantle, ho sebetsana le mathata ao ba tobanang le 'ona, le ho phela bophelo bo ntlafetseng.
> Mehloli:
> Grey, PO & Bjorklund, D. Psychology. New York: Bahoeletsi ba Bohlokoa; 2014.
> Hockenbury, SE & Nolan, SA. Psychology. New York: Bahoeletsi ba Bohlokoa; 2014.