Kamoo e thehoang le kamoo e ka e thibelang kateng
Khethollo e ka ba le tšusumetso e matla ho batho ba itšoarang le ho sebelisana le ba bang, haholo-holo le ba fapaneng le bona. Khethollo ha e na motheo mme hangata boikutlo bo bobe ka litho tsa sehlopha. Lintho tse tloaelehileng tsa khethollo li akarelletsa maikutlo a nyahamisang, litumelo tse tsitsitseng, le tšekamelo ea ho khetholla litho tsa sehlopha.
Le hoja litlhaloso tse tobileng tsa khethollo e fanoang ke bo-rasaense ba sechaba hangata li fapane, ba bangata baa lumellana hore ho kenyelletsoa likamoso tse atisang ho ba khahlanong le litho tsa sehlopha.
Ha batho ba e-na le maikutlo a leeme ho ba bang, ba atisa ho nka motho e mong le e mong ea lumellanang le sehlopha se itseng "a lekana". Ba penta motho e mong le e mong ea nang le litšoaneleho kapa litumelo tse khethehileng ka botlalo bo pharaletseng 'me a hlōleha ho sheba motho e mong le e mong e le motho ea ikhethang.
Mefuta e sa Tšoaneng ea Khethollo
Khethollo e ka thehoa lintlheng tse ngata tse kenyelletsang ho kopanela liphate, morabe, lilemo, ho kopanela liphate, bochaba, maemo a sechaba, le bolumeli. Tse ling tsa mefuta e mengata ea khethollo e kenyeletsa:
- Khethollo ea morabe
- Sexism
- Classicism
- Ho ipolaea
- Bochaba
- Khethollo ea bolumeli
- Ageism
- Xenophobia
Khethollo le Tlhaselo-pele
Ha khethollo e etsahala, ho khetholloa, ho khetholloa le ho hlekefetsoa ho ka boela ha fella. Maemong a mangata, khethollo e thehiloe litabeng tsa maikutlo.
Tlhahiso-peleng ke maikutlo a bonolo ka sehlopha se thehiloeng liphihlelo tse fetileng kapa litumelo. Litloaelo li ka ba le boikutlo bo botle ("basali ba futhumetse le ho holisa") kapa ba fosahetse ("bacha ba botsoa"). Litloaelo ha li khone ho lebisa litumelo tse fosahetseng feela, empa li ka boela tsa fella ka khethollo le khethollo.
Ho ea ka setsebi sa kelello ea bitsoang Gordon Allport , khethollo le maikutlo a hlahelang li hlaha ka lebaka la ho nahana ka tsela e tloaelehileng ea motho. E le hore re utloisise lefatše le re pota-potileng, ke habohlokoa ho hlophisa boitsebiso ka likarolo tsa kelello . "Monahano oa motho o lokela ho nahana ka thuso ea lihlopha," Allport o hlalositse. "Hang ha se thehoa, likarolo ke motheo oa ho ipeha pele ka tsela e tloaelehileng. Re ke ke ra khona ho qoba mokhoa ona. Bophelo bo laolehileng bo itšetlehile ka eona."
Khethollo le ho qabana ka maikutlo ke liphoso tsa kelello
Ka mantsoe a mang, re itšetlehile ka bokhoni ba rona ba ho beha batho, likhopolo le lintho ka mekhahlelo e fapaneng e le ho etsa hore lefatše le be bonolo ebile le bonolo ho le utloisisa. Re mpa re e-na le boitsebiso bo bongata haholo ho hlophisa tsohle ka mokhoa o utloahalang, oa methodical, le oa mokhoa o utloahalang. Ho tseba ho arola ka potlako boitsebiso bo re lumella ho sebelisana le ho itšoara ka potlako, empa hape ho lebisa liphoso. Khethollo le ho nyalana ke mehlala e 'meli feela ea liphoso tsa kelello tse bakoang ke tšekamelo ea rona ea ho arola kapele tlhahisoleseding e teng lefatseng le re potolohileng.
Ts'ebetso ena ea ho arola likarolo e sebetsa ho sechaba sa sechaba le ha re arola batho ka lihlopha tsa kelello ho itšetlehile ka lintho tse kang lilemo, thobalano le morabe.
Lipatlisiso ka ho kenya lihlopha
Leha ho le joalo, bafuputsi ba fumane hore ha ho tluoa tabeng ea ho arola boitsebiso ka batho, re atisa ho fokotsa phapang pakeng tsa batho ba lihlopha tse itseng le ho fetelletsa phapang pakeng tsa lihlopha .
Ketsahalong e 'ngoe ea khale, barupeluoa ba ile ba botsoa hore ba ahlole bophahamo ba batho ba bontšitsoeng lifoto. Batho ba neng ba le tekong ba ile ba boela ba bolelloa hore
"Bukaneng ena, banna le basali ba le bophahamo bo lekaneng. Re hlokometse ho bapisa lintlheng tsa banna le basali ba tšoantšetso. Ke hore, ho mosali e mong le e mong ea bophahamo bo itseng, kae-kae bukaneng eo ho na le monna ka bophara bo ts'oanang. Ka hona, e le ho etsa kahlolo e nepahetseng ka tsela e nepahetseng ka hohle kamoo ho khonehang, leka ho ahlola mong le e mong setšoantšo joaloka nyeoe ea motho ka mong; u se ke ua itšetleha ka thobalano ea motho. "
Ntle le litaelo tsena, chelete ea $ 50 ea moputso e ne e fanoa ho mang kapa mang ea entseng liqeto tse nepahetseng ka ho fetisisa tsa bophahamo.
Ho sa tsotellehe sena, barupeluoa ba ne ba loma banna ba le bolelele ba lisenthimithara tse seng kae ho feta basali. Ka lebaka la ho iketelletsa pele hore banna ba balelele ho feta basali, litho tsa sehlopha li sitoa ho tlohela litumelo tsa bona tse teng ka banna le basali e le hore ba tsebe ho ahlola ka litsela tse phahameng.
Bafuputsi ba fumane hape hore batho ba atisa ho nka litho tsa lihlopha tse ka ntle ho feta lihlopha tsa bona, e leng ntho e ikhethang e boleloang e le khethollo ea sehlopha se ka ntle . Taba ena ea hore litho tsohle tsa sehlopha se seng ka ntle li tšoana le lihlopha tsohle, ebang li thehiloe morabe, bochaba, bolumeli, lilemo, kapa lihlopha tse ling tsa sehlopha sa tlhaho. Batho ba atisa ho bona phapang pakeng tsa litho tsa lihlopha tsa bona, empa ba atisa ho bona bao e leng litho tsa lihlopha tse tsoang ka ntle ho "li lekana".
Seo re ka se Etsang ho Fokotsa Khethollo
Ntle le ho sheba mabaka a etsang hore khethollo e hlahe, bafuputsi ba boetse ba hlahloba litsela tse fapaneng tseo khethollo e ka fokotsehang kapa ea e felisoa. Ho koetlisa batho ho ba le kutloelo-bohloko ho litho tsa lihlopha tse ling ke mokhoa o le mong o bontšitseng katleho e kholo. Ka ho ipeha boemong bo tšoanang, batho ba khona ho nahana ka hore na ba tla itšoara joang le ho utloisisa haholoanyane liketso tsa batho ba bang.
Mekhoa e meng e sebelisetsoang ho fokotsa khethollo e akaretsa:
- Melao le litaelo tse hlokang phekolo e nepahetseng le e lekanang bakeng sa lihlopha tsohle tsa batho
- Ho fumana ts'ehetso ea sechaba le tlhokomeliso ea khahlanong le khethollo ea sechaba
- Ho etsa hore batho ba tsebe ho se lumellane litumelo tsa bona
- Ho buisana ka ho eketsehileng le litho tsa lihlopha tse ling tsa sechaba
> Mehloli:
> Allport GW. Mofuta oa Khethollo . Ho bala, MA: Addison-Wesley; 1954.
> Fiske ST. Ho itšehla thajana ho fokotsa khethollo le mekhoa e metle. A Oskamp S, ed. Ho fokotsa khethollo le khethollo. Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum; 115-135; 2000.
> Nelson TE, Biernat MR, Manis M. Letsatsi le leng le le leng Base (Liketso tsa ho kopanela liphate): E na le bokhoni bo matla. Journal of Personality le Psychology Social. 1990; 59: 664-675.
> Linville PW. The Heterogeneity of Homogeneity. Darley JM, Cooper J, eds. Kabelo le Boiketlo ba Sechaba: Lefa la Edward E. Jones. Washington, DC: Mokhatlo oa American Psychological Association. 1998; 423-462.
> Batho ba bangata, S. The Psychology of Prejudice, Stereotyping le Khethollo: Tlhahlobo. Ho S. Plous (Ed.), Ho utloisisa khethollo le khethollo. New York: Hill ea McGraw. 2003: 3-48.