Mokhoa oo ba sebetsang ka oona, mefuta e sa tšoaneng, le hore na ke hobane'ng ha ba bohlokoa
Motsoako oa li-neurotransmitter o hlalosoa e le lik'hemik'hale tse nang le lik'hemik'hale tse nang le lipontšo tse pakeng tsa li-neurons , kapa lisele tsa methapo le lisele tse ling 'meleng. Litho tsa lik'hemik'hale tsa lik'hemik'hale li ka ama likarolo tse fapa-fapaneng tsa 'mele le tsa kelello mesebetsi e kenyeletsang litekanyetso tsa pelo, boroko, takatso ea lijo, maikutlo, le tšabo. Bilione ba li-neurotransmitters ba sebetsa kamehla ho boloka boko ba rona bo sebetsa, ho laola ntho e 'ngoe le e' ngoe ho tloha ha re phefumoloha ho isa bohōleng ba pelo ho ea ho maemo a rona a ho ithuta le a ho tsepamisa mohopolo.
Kamoo li-Neurotransmitters li sebetsang kateng
E le hore li-neurons li romelle melaetsa ho pholletsa le 'mele, li lokela ho khona ho buisana le tsona ho fetisetsa lipontšo. Leha ho le joalo, li-neurons ha li kopane feela. Qetellong ea neuron ka 'ngoe ke lekhalo le lenyenyane le bitsoang synapse le ho buisana le sele e latelang, letšoao le hloka ho tšela sebaka sena se senyenyane. Sena se etsahala ka mokhoa o tsejoang e le neurotransmission.
Maemong a mangata, motsoako oa li-neurotransmitter o lokolloa ho seo ho tsejoang hore ke setsi sa axon ka mor'a hore bohato bo sebetsang bo fihlile synapse, sebaka seo li-neurons li ka fetisanang lipontšo ho tsona.
Ha pontšo ea motlakase e fihla qetellong ea neuron, e etsa hore ho lokolloe li-sacs tse nyenyane tse bitsoang vesicles tse nang le li-neurotransmitters. Li-sacs tsena li tšolla li-contents tsa tsona ka synapse, moo li-neurotransmitters li fetelang ka lehlakoreng le leng ho ea lisele tse haufi.
Lisele tsena li na le li-receptor tseo li-neurotransmitters li ka li kenyang le ho etsa liphetoho liseleng.
Ka mor'a ho lokolloa, methapo ea methapo ea mali e tšela sekheo sa synaptic 'me e khomarela sebaka sa batho ba amohelang li-neuron, e leng e thabisang kapa e thibelang neurone e amohelang ho itšetlehile ka seo motsoako oa motsoako oa sona a leng sona.
Li-neurotransmitters li sebetsa joaloka senotlolo le ketso ea sebaka sa ho amohela mohala joaloka senotlolo. Ho nka senotlolo se nepahetseng ho bula lisekele tse tobileng. Haeba motsoako oa li-neurotransmitter a khona ho sebetsa sebakeng sa mokelikeli, o etsa hore liphetoho li fumanehe seleng e amohelang.
Ka linako tse ling li-neurotransmitters li ka tlamella li-receptors 'me li etsa hore motlakase o fetisoe fatše ka seleng (e tsitsitseng). Maemong a mang, neurotransmitter e hlile e thibela letšoao hore le se ke la tsoelapele, ho thibela molaetsa hore o tsoele pele (o thibela).
Joale ho etsahala'ng ka motho ea nang le kankere ea mali ka mor'a hore mosebetsi oa hae o phethe? Hang ha mochine oa neurotransmitter o e-na le phello e entsoeng, mosebetsi oa oona o ka emisoa ka mekhoa e sa tšoaneng.
- E ka silafatsoa kapa ea senyeha ke li-enzyme
- E ka kheloha hole le ho amohela
- E ka khutlisetsoa morao ke axon ea neuron e ileng ea e lokolla ka mokhoa o tsejoang e le reuptake
Li-neurotransmitters li phetha karolo ea bohlokoa bophelong ba letsatsi le letsatsi le ts'ebetsong. Bo-rasaense ha ba e-s'o tsebe hantle hore na ho na le li-neurotransmitters tse kae, empa litsebi tsa lik'hemik'hale tse fetang 100 li khetholloa.
Seo Neurotransmitters e se Etsang
Li-neurotransmitters li ka aroloa ke mosebetsi oa tsona:
Litsebi tsa li-neurotransmitters tse thahasellisang: Mefuta ena ea li-neurotransmitters e na le liphello tse monate mokokotlong , e leng ho bolelang hore li eketsa menyetla ea hore moriana o tla chesa ketso.
Tse ling tsa li-neurotransmitter tse kholo tsa li-excitatory li akarelletsa epinephrine le norepinephrine.
Li-neurotransmitters tse thibelang likokoana-hloko: Mefuta ena ea li-neurotransmitters e na le liphello tse thibelang likokoana-hloko; li fokotsa menyetla ea hore neuron e tla chesa matla a ketso. Tse ling tsa li-neurotransmitters tse thibelang ho thibela ho itšireletsa li akarelletsa serotonin le gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA).
Li-neurotransmitters tse ling, tse kang acetylcholine le dopamine, li ka hlahisa liphello tse ntle le tse thibelang ho itšetlehile ka mofuta oa li-receptors tse teng.
Li-neurotransmitters tse hlophisehileng: Li-neurotransmitters tsena, tseo hangata li tsejoang e le li-neuromodulators, li khona ho ama palo e kholoanyane ea li-neurone ka nako e le 'ngoe.
Li-neuromodulator tsena li boetse li ama liphello tsa litlhahiso tse ling tsa lik'hemik'hale. Moo li-neurotransmitters tsa synaptic li lokolloa ka li-terminon tsa li-terminal ho ba le tšusumetso ea ho sebetsa ka potlako ho li-neurons tse ling tse amohelang, li-neuromodulator li fetela sebakeng se seholo 'me li sebetsa butle-butle.
Mefuta ea li-neurotransmitters
Ho na le litsela tse sa tšoaneng tsa ho khetholla le ho arola li-neurotransmitters. Maemong a mang, a arotsoe feela ka monoamines, amino acid, le peptides.
Li-neurotransmitters li ka boela tsa aroloa ho e 'ngoe ea mefuta e tšeletseng:
Amino Acids
- Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) e sebetsa e le setsi sa 'mele se ka thibelang lik'hemik'hale. GABA e tlatsetsa ponong, tsamaiso ea likoloi, 'me e bapala karolo ea ho laola matšoenyeho. Benzodiazepines, e sebelisoang ho thusa ho tšoara matšoenyeho, e sebetsang ka ho eketsa bokhoni ba GABA ea likokoana-hloko, tse ka eketsang maikutlo a boikhathollo le khutso.
- Glutamate ke neurotransmitter e ngata ka ho fetisisa e fumanoang tsamaisong ea methapo eo e nang le karolo ho ts'oaroang ka likamano joaloka mohopolo le ho ithuta . Lintho tse ngata tse ngata tsa glutamate li ka 'na tsa e-ba teng ka lebaka la ho shoa ha cellular. Monyetla ona o bakoang ke ho haha ha glutamate o amahanngoa le mafu a mang le likotsi tsa boko ba kenyeletsang lefu la Alzheimer, stroke le lefu la lefu la sethoathoa.
Peptides
- Oxytocin ke hormone le neurotransmitter. E hlahisoa ke hypothalamus mme e bapala karolo ea ho amoheloa ha sechaba, ho kopana le ho hlahisa thobalano. Synthetic oxytocin e kang Pitocin e atisa ho sebelisoa e le thuso bakeng sa ho sebetsa le ho pepa. Oxytocin le Pitocin li etsa hore sebete se sebetsane nakong ea mosebetsi.
- Endorphins ke li-neurotransmitters ho feta ho thibela phetisetso ea lipontšo tsa bohloko le ho khothalletsa maikutlo a ho thaba. Mesebetsi ena ea lik'hemik'hale e hlahisoa ka tlhaho ke 'mele ho arabela bohloko, empa e ka boela ea qala ka mesebetsi e meng e kang ho ikoetlisa. Ka mohlala, ho ba le "semathi se phahameng" ke mohlala oa maikutlo a monate a bakoang ke tlhahiso ea endorphins.
Monoamines
- Epinephrine e nkoa e le hormone le neurotransmitter. Ka kakaretso, epinephrine (adrenaline) ke hormone ea khatello ea kelello e lokolloang ke adrenal system. Leha ho le joalo, e sebetsa e le mothapo oa kelello bokong.
- Norepinephrine ke mokokotlo oa li-neurotransmitter o phethang karolo ea bohlokoa ho falimeha ho ameha ntoeng ea 'mele kapa karabelo ea lifofane . Karolo ea eona ke ho thusa ho matlafatsa 'mele le boko ba ho nka khato nakong ea kotsi kapa khatello ea kelello. Litekanyo tsa mothapo ona oa li-neurotransmitter hangata li fokotseha nakong ea boroko le ho feta nakong ea khatello.
- Histori e sebetsa e le mothapo oa kelello bokong le mokokong oa mokokotlo. E phetha karolo ea ho etsa likarabo tse fokolang 'me e hlahisoa e le karolo ea masole a' mele ea ho itšireletsa mafung a arabelang likokoana-hloko.
- Dopamine e phetha karolo ea bohlokoa ho tsamaisanang le mekhoa ea 'mele. Dopamine e boetse e ameha ka moputso, tšusumetso le ho eketsa. Mefuta e mengata ea lithethefatsi tse lemalang e eketsa litekanyetso tsa dopamine bokong. Boloetse ba Parkinson, e leng boloetse bo fokolang bo bakang ho holofala ha sesifa le ho khanna, ho bakoa ke ho lahleheloa ke neurone e hlahisang dopamine bokong.
- Serotonin e phetha karolo ea bohlokoa ho laola le ho fetola maikutlo, ho robala, ho tšoenyeha, ho kopanela liphate le takatso ea lijo. Li-serotonin reuptake inhibitors , tse atisang ho bitsoa SSRIs, ke mofuta oa meriana e thibelang ho imeloa kelellong e atisang ho behoa bakeng sa ho folisa ho tepella maikutlong, ho tšoenyeha, ho tšoenyeha ha maikutlo le ho tšoha. SSRIs e sebetsa ho leka-lekanya maemo a serotonin ka ho thibela ho tsosolosoa ha serotonin bokong, e ka thusang ho ntlafatsa maikutlo le ho fokotsa maikutlo a matšoenyeho.
Li-purines
- Adenosine e sebetsa e le mokokotlo oa bokhoni 'me e ameha ho thibela ho tsosa le ho ntlafatsa boroko.
- Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) e sebetsa e le mokokotlo oa methapo ea methapo ea methapo le ea pherekano . E phetha karolo ea ho laoloa ka boithatelo, ho fetisetsoa ha maikutlo, le puisano le lisele tsa glial. Lipatlisiso li bontša hore e ka boela ea e-ba le karolo ho mathata a mang a methapo ea pelo ho kenyelletsa bohloko, mahlomola, le mathata a ho ba le pelo.
Gasotransmitters
- Nitric oxide e phetha karolo ea bohlokoa ho amang mesifa e boreleli, ho ba phutholoha ho lumella methapo ea mali ho theola le ho eketsa phallo ea mali libakeng tse itseng tsa 'mele.
- Monoxide ea carbon e atisa ho tsejoa e le khase e se nang 'mala, e sa khathollang e ka ba le liphello tse chefo le tse ka bolaeang ha batho ba pepesehela litsing tse phahameng. Leha ho le joalo, e boetse e hlahisoa ka tlhaho ke 'mele moo e sebetsang e le mothapo oa likokoana-hloko o thusang ho fetola karabo ea' mele ea ho ruruha.
Acetylcholine
- Acetylcholine ke eena feela mothetsi oa li-neurotransmitter sehlopheng sa eona. E fumanoang mananeong a methapo a mabeli le a pherekano, ke mokokotlo oa mothapo oa mali o amanang le li-neurons tsa motlakase. E phetha karolo ea ho tsamaisa mesifa le mohopolo le ho ithuta.
Ho Etsahalang ha Li-Neurotransmitters li sa Sebetse ka Nepo
Joaloka mekhoa e mengata ea 'mele, lintho ka linako tse ling li ka' na tsa senyeha. Mohlomong ha ho makatse hore tsamaiso e le e kholo le e rarahaneng ha tsamaiso ea methapo ea motho e ka ba le mathata.
Tse ling tsa lintho tse ka 'nang tsa tsamaea li fosahetse li kenyeletsa:
- Li-neurons li ka 'na tsa se ke tsa iketsetsa mokokotlo oa neurotransmitter e itseng
- Ho ngata ho ka lokolloa haholo k'homphieutheng e itseng
- Li-neurotransmitters tse ngata haholo li ka thibeloa ke li-enzyme
- Li-neurotransmitters li ka khutlisetsoa kapele haholo
Ha li-neurotransmitters li anngoe ke lefu kapa lithethefatsi, ho ka ba le liphello tse ngata tse mpe tse fapaneng 'meleng. Maloetse a kang Alzheimer's, lefu la sethoathoa le Parkinson a amahanngoa le ho haelloa ke li-neurotransmitters tse itseng.
Litsebi tsa bophelo bo botle li hlokometse karolo eo li-neurotransmitters li ka e bapalang ka maemo a bophelo bo botle ba kelello, ke kahoo meriana e susumetsang liketso tsa baemeli ba lik'hemik'hale tsa 'mele hangata e laeloa ho thusa ho tšoara maemo a sa tšoaneng a kelello .
Ka mohlala, dopamine e amahanngoa le lintho tse kang tahi le schizophrenia. Serotonin e phetha karolo ea mathata a mehopolo ho akarelletsa le ho tepella maikutlo le OCD. Lithethefatsi, tse kang SSRI, li ka laeloa ke lingaka le lingaka tsa mafu ho thusa ho tšoara matšoao a ho tepella kapa ho tšoenyeha. Ka linako tse ling meriana e sebelisoa e le mong, empa e ka boela ea sebelisoa hammoho le mekhoa e meng ea phekolo ea meriana e akarelletsang phekolo ea kelello-ea boitšoaro .
Lithethefatsi Tse Susumetsang Batho ba Nang le Neurotransmitters
Mohlomong e leng ts'ebetso e sebetsang ka ho fetisisa bakeng sa ho sibolloa le kutloisiso e qaqileng ea kamoo mosebetsi oa li-neurotransmitters e bile ts'ebeliso ea lithethefatsi tse amang phetiso ea lik'hemik'hale. Lithethefatsi tsena li khona ho fetola liphello tsa li-neurotransmitters, tse ka fokotsang matšoao a mafu a mang.
- Li-Agonists le bahanyetsi: Lithethefatsi tse ling li tsejoa e le li-agonists mme li sebetsa ka ho eketsa liphello tsa li-neurotransmitters tse itseng. Lithethefatsi tse ling le tseo ho thoeng ke lihanyetsi le ho nka khato ho thibela liphello tsa ho thibela mali.
- Tlhōlisano ea lihlahisoa ka kotloloho: Meriana ena e sebelisang li-neuro e ka senyeha ho latela hore na e na le phello e tobileng kapa e sa tobang. Tse nang le phello e tobileng li sebetsa ka ho etsisa li-neurotransmitters hobane li tšoane haholo le lik'hemik'hale. Ba nang le ts'ebetso e sa tobang ka ts'ebetso ka ho sebetsana le li-receptors tsa synaptic.
Lithethefatsi tse ka khonang ho susumetsa tšollo ea mali li akarelletsa meriana e sebelisetsoang ho phekola lefu ho kenyeletsa ho tepella maikutlo le ho tšoenyeha, tse kang SSRIs, trycyclic ho loantša maikutlo le benzodiazepines .
Lithethefatsi tse seng molaong tse kang heroin, cocaine le matekoane le tsona li na le phello ea ho etsa li-neurotransmission. Heroin o sebetsa e le mookameli oa li-agonist, ea etsisang bokopi ba tlhaho ba opioid ho lekaneng ho susumetsa li-receptor tsa tsona. Cocaine ke mohlala oa lithethefatsi tse se nang moqoqo tse amanang le tšusumetso ea dopamine.
Ho Khetholla Li-Neurotransmitters
Ho tsebahatsa ha li-neurotransmitters ka sebele ho ka ba thata haholo. Le hoja bo-rasaense ba khona ho bona li-vesicles tse nang le li-neurotransmitters, ho tseba hore na lik'hemik'hale tse bolokiloeng li-vesicles ha li bonolo hakae.
Ka lebaka la sena, litsebi tsa methapo ea kutlo li hlahisitse mekhoa e mengata ea ho fumana hore na lik'hemik'hale li lokela ho hlalosoa e le mothapo oa likokoana-hloko:
- Lik'hemik'hale li tlameha ho hlahisoa ka har'a neuron.
- Li-enzyme tse hlokahalang li lokela ho ba teng ka neuron.
- Ho tlameha hore ho be le lik'hemik'hale tse lekaneng hore e be le phello e ntle ka mor'a lefu la phoso.
- Lik'hemik'hale li lokela ho lokolloa ke presynaptic neuron, 'me khoele ea postsynaptic e tlameha ho ba le li-receptor tseo lik'hemik'hale li tla li khomarela.
- Ho tlameha hore ho be le mokhoa oa reuptake kapa enzyme e thibelang liketso tsa lik'hemik'hale.
Lentsoe le Tsoang ho
Li-neurotransmitters li phetha karolo ea bohlokoa litabeng tsa puisano tsa mekhoa e metle, e susumetsa ntho e 'ngoe le e' ngoe ho tloha mekhatlong e ikemetseng ho ithuta ho fetoha maikutlo. Tsamaiso ena e rarahane ebile e amana haholo. Li-neurotransmitters li etsa ka litsela tse tobileng, empa li ka boela tsa angoa ke mafu, lithethefatsi, kapa esita le liketso tsa lik'hemik'hale tse ling tsa lik'hemik'hale.
> Mehloli:
> Benarroch, EE. Adenosine triphosphate: Letšoao la lik'hemik'hale tse nang le mefuta e mengata tsamaisong ea methapo. Neurology. 2010; 74 (7). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1212/WNL.0b013e3181d03762.
> Kring, A M., Johnson, SL, Davison, GC, & Neale, J M. Psychology e sa tloaelehang . Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Bara; 2010.
> Magon, N & Kalra, S. Histori e bohloko ea oxytocin: Lerato, litakatso le ho sebetsa. Indian J Endocrinol Metab. 2011; 15: S156-S161. doi: 10.4103 / 2230-8210.84851.
> Verkhratsky, A & Krishtal, OA. Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) e le mokokotlo oa neurotransmitter. Ho Encyclopedia of Neuroscience, Ed. Elsevier: 115-123; 2009.