Psychological clinic ke lekala la kelello e amehang ka tlhahlobo le kalafo ea mafu a kelello, boitšoaro bo sa tloaelehang, le mathata a kelello. Tšimo ena e kenyelletsa saense ea kelello ka ho phekola mathata a mangata a batho, e leng ho etsang hore e be khetho e ntle ea mosebetsi bakeng sa batho ba batlang tšimo e thata le e khotsofatsang.
Histori ea pele
Tšusumetso ea pele tšimong ea kelello ea bongaka ea bophelo bo botle e akarelletsa mosebetsi oa setsebi sa psychoanalyst ea Austria, Sigmund Freud . E ne e le e mong oa ba pele ho tsepamisa mohopolo tabeng ea hore boloetse ba kelello e ne e le ntho e ka tšoaroang ka ho buisana le mokuli, 'me e bile tsoelo-pele ea mokhoa oa hae oa phekolo ea puo eo hangata e boletsoeng e le mokhoa oa khale oa ho sebelisa saense ea mafu a kelello.
Setsebi sa kelello sa Maamerika Lightner Witmer o ile a bula tleliniki ea pele ea kelello ka 1896 ka ho lebisa tlhokomelo e khethehileng ho thusa bana ba nang le bokooa ba ho ithuta. Hape e ne e le Witmer ea ileng a qala ho ngola poleloana "psychology psychology" ka pampiri ea 1907.
Witmer, eo e kileng ea e-ba seithuti sa Wilhelm Wundt , o hlalositse kelello ea bongaka ea bongaka e le "thuto ea batho ka bomong, ka ho shebella kapa ho leka, ka morero oa ho khothalletsa phetoho." Kajeno, psychological clinic ke e 'ngoe ea libaka tse tummeng ka ho fetisisa le sebaka se le seng se seholo ka ho fetisisa sa mosebetsi oa kelello.
Ka 1914, litleliniki tse ling tse 26 tse neng li sebelisetsoa ho sebelisoa kelello ea bongaka li fumaneha United States.
Ho iphetola ha lintho Nakong ea Lefatše Lintoa
K'hemik'hale ea mafu a meriana e ile ea e-ba matla haholoanyane nakong ea Ntoa ea I ea Lefatše kaha litsebi li ile tsa bontša bohlokoa ba ho hlahlojoa kelellong. Ka 1917, Mokhatlo oa American of Clinical Psychology o ile oa thehoa, le hoja o ile oa nkeloa sebaka feela lilemo tse peli hamorao ha ho thehoa Mokhatlo oa American Psychological Association (APA).
Nakong ea Ntoa ea II ea Lefatše, litsebi tsa kelello tsa bongaka li ile tsa kōptjoa ho thusa ho tšoara se neng se tsejoa e le shell shock, eo hona joale ho thoeng ke lefu la khatello ea kelello ea morao-rao . E ne e le tlhokahalo ea litsebi ho phekola masole a mangata a khutlang a hlokang tlhokomelo e tlatselitseng khōlong ea kelello ea meriana nakong ena. Lilemong tsa bo-1940, US e ne e se na mananeo a neng a fana ka tekanyo e hlophisitsoeng litabeng tsa kelello ea bongaka. Lekala la US Veterans le ile la theha mananeo a mangata a koetliso ea bongaka 'me ka 1950, karolo e fetang halofo ea likarolo tsohle tsa Ph.D. likolokong li ile tsa fanoa sebakeng sa kelello ea meriana.
Liphetoho tse Tsepamisitsoeng
Le hoja sepheo sa pele sa kelello ea meriana e ne e se e le saense le lipatlisiso, mananeo a mangolo a mangolo a mangata a ile a qala ho eketsa khatello e eketsehileng tabeng ea phekolo ea kelello . Kelellong ea bongaka ea bongaka Ph.D. mananeo, mokhoa ona kajeno o bitsoa " rasaense" kapa " Boulder Model" . Hamorao, Psy.D. tekanyetso ea tekanyo e ile ea hlaha e ileng ea hatisa haholo mosebetsing oa litsebi ho e-na le lipatlisiso. Tekanyo ena ea litsebi tsa bongaka litabeng tsa kelello setsing sa bophelo se tsebahala e le setsebi sa litsebi kapa sa Vail .
Tšimo e 'nile ea tsoela pele ho hōla haholo' me tlhokahalo ea litsebi tsa mafu a kelello kajeno e ntse e le matla.
Ofisi ea Lipalo-palo ea Basebetsi 'Buka ea Puso ea Basebetsi e bolela hore mesebetsi ea litsebi tsa bongaka, ho fana ka keletso le sekolo sa kelello se tla hōla karolo ea 14 lekholong ho tloha ka 2016 ho isa ho 2026, e leng ka potlako ho feta ea bobeli.
Litlhoko tsa thuto
US, litsebi tsa kelello tsa lingaka hangata li na le doctorate ea kelello 'me li fumana koetliso libakeng tsa tlhokomelo ea bophelo. Litlhoko tsa thuto ho sebetsa litabeng tsa kelello ea meriana li thata haholo, 'me boholo ba litsebi tsa mafu a kelello ba qeta lilemo tse' nè ho isa ho tse tšeletseng sekolong se fumaneng mangolo ka mor'a ho fumana lengolo la bachelor .
Ho na le mefuta e 'meli e fapaneng ea li-degree tse fumanehang-e leng Ph.D. le Psy.D.
Ka kakaretso, Ph.D. mananeo a thehiloe lipatlisisong, ha Psy.D. mananeo a tloaelehile. Liithuti tse ling li ka boela tsa fumana mananeo a mangolo a fanang ka tekanyo ea mongolo oa likoloi lefapheng la kelello ea bongaka.
Pele u khetha lenaneo la litsebi tsa mafu a kelello, u lokela ho hlahloba ho netefatsa hore lenaneo le lumelloa ke Mokhatlo oa American Psychological Association. Ka mor'a hore ba qete lenaneo la koetliso la mangolo a amohelehang, bao ho ka 'nang ha etsahala hore ba ithutetseng litsebi tsa kelello ba phethe nako ea koetliso e hlophisitsoeng le tlhahlobo.
Litlhoko tse khethehileng tsa tumello ea molao li fapana ka boemo, kahoo o lokela ho hlahloba boto ea hau ea tumello ea naha ho ithuta ho eketsehileng.
Barutoana ba United Kingdom ba ka phehella tekanyo ea doctorate ka kelello ea meriana (D.Clin.Psychol kapa Clin.Psy.D.) ka mananeo a tšehetsoeng ke National Health Service. Mananeo ana a atisa ho ba le tlhōlisano 'me a tsepamisitse maikutlo lipatlisisong le mekhoeng ea boits'oaro Baithuti ba thahasellang ho ngolisa ho e 'ngoe ea mananeo ana ba tlameha ho ba le tekanyo ea thuto ea pele ho thuto ea kelello e amoheloang ke British Psychological Society ntle le litlhoko tsa boiphihlelo.
Melao ea Mosebetsi le Mesebetsi ea Jobo
Litsebi tsa kelello tsa meriana hangata li sebetsa litulong tsa bongaka, liketsong tsa botho, kapa libakeng tsa thuto liunivesithing le likoleng. Litsebi tse ling tsa kelello tsa bongaka li sebetsa ka kotloloho le bareki, hangata ba nang le mathata a fapa-fapaneng a mafu a kelello. Litsebi tse ling tsa mafu a kelello li ka sebetsa litabeng tse ikhethang tsa phekolo tse fanang ka litšebeletso tsa nakoana le tsa nako e telele tse fuoang bakuli ba hlokang thuso ho sebetsana le mathata a kelello. Litsebi tse ling tsa kelello tsa bongaka li sebetsa likarolong tse ling, li etsa lipatlisiso, li ruta lithuto tsa lits'univesithi, ebile li fana ka litšebeletso tsa lipuisano.
Mesebetsi e meng e etsoang ke ba sebetsang litabeng tsa kelello ea meriana e ka kenyelletsa:
- Ho hlahloba le ho hlahlojoa ha mathata a kelello
- Phekolo ea mafu a kelello
- Ho fana ka bopaki litsing tsa molao
- Ho ruta
- Ho etsa lipatlisiso
- Phekolo ea lithethefatsi le joala
- Ho theha le ho fana ka mananeo a ho phekola le ho thibela mathata a sechaba
Litsela
Litsebi tsa kelello tsa bongaka tse sebetsang e le li-psychotherapists hangata li sebelisa litsela tse fapaneng tsa phekolo ha li sebetsa le bareki. Le hoja lingaka tse ling li lebisa tlhokomelo ka pono e tobileng ea phekolo, ba bangata ba sebelisa seo ho buuoang ka sona e le mokhoa oa ho etsa mekhoa e metle. Sena se kenyelletsa litšoantšo tse fapaneng tsa khopolo ea ho hlahisa moralo o motle ka ho fetisisa oa phekolo bakeng sa bareki ka bomong.
Tse ling tsa mekhoa e kholo ea likhopolo-taba ka kelello ea meriana e kenyelletsa:
- Tsela ea Psychodynamic: Pono ena e hlahile mosebetsing oa psychoanalyst Sigmund Freud, ea neng a lumela hore kelello ea ho se tsebe e phetha karolo ea bohlokoa boitšoarong ba rona. Lingaka tsa mafu a kelello tse sebelisang phekolo ea psychoanalytic li ka sebelisa mekhoa e kang setsoalle sa mahala ho hlahloba sepheo sa moetapele, sepheo sa ho se tsebe letho.
- Temoho ea maikutlo: Tsela ena ea mafu a kelello a theknoloji e hlahisitsoe likolong tsa boitšoaro le tsa ho nahanisisa. Litsebi tsa kelello tsa meriana tse sebelisang pono ena li tla sheba kamoo maikutlo a molekane, boitšoaro le menahano a kopanang kateng. Mokhoa oa ho nahanisisa ka boitšoaro (CBT) o atisa ho lebisa tlhokomelo ho fetola mehopolo le boitšoaro bo tlatsetsang khatellong ea kelello.
- Pono e ikhethileng: Tsela ena ea litsebi tsa kelello ea meriana e hlahile mosebetsing oa batho ba nang le maikutlo a kang batho ba kang Abraham Maslow le Carl Rogers . Pono ena e sheba mookameli ka ho feletseng 'me e tsepamisitse maikutlo linthong tse kang ho itlhahisa le ho thusa batho ho tseba bokhoni ba bona bo feletseng.
Lentsoe le Tsoang ho
Psychological Clinic ke e 'ngoe ea libaka tse tummeng ka ho fetisisa litabeng tsa kelello, empa ke habohlokoa ho hlahloba lithahasello tsa hau pele u etsa qeto ea hore na sebaka sena se ka ba se nepahetseng ho uena. Haeba u thabela ho sebetsa le batho 'me u khona ho sebetsana le khatello le likhohlano hantle, kelello ea lingaka e ka ba khetho e ntle. Tšimo ea mafu a kelello ea meriana e tla tsoela pele ho hōla le ho fetoha ka lebaka la litlhoko tse ntseng li fetoha tsa baahi, hammoho le liphetoho mekhoeng ea sechaba ea pholisi ea tlhokomelo ea bophelo. Haeba o ntse o sa tiisehe hore na kelello ea tleliniki e nepahetse bakeng sa hau, ts'ebetso ena ea boithuto ba kelello e ka thusa.
> Mehloli:
> Bureau of Labor Statistics. Litsebi tsa kelello. Lefapha la Basebetsi la United States. Occupational Outlook Handbook. E ntlafalitsoe ka la 30 January, 2018.
> Carr A. Clinical Psychology: Selelekela. London: Routledge; 2012.
> Trull TJ, Prinstein M. Clinical Psychology. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth; 2013.