Ma -neurone ke mokhoa oa motheo oa tsamaiso ea methapo. Lisele tsena tse khethehileng ke lihlopha tsa ho etsa tlhahiso-leseling ea boko bo ikarabellang bakeng sa ho amohela le ho fetisa boitsebiso. Karolong e 'ngoe le e' ngoe ea neuron e phetha karolo ea ho fetisa boitsebiso ho pholletsa le 'mele.
Li-neurons li jara melaetsa ho pholletsa le 'mele, ho akarelletsa tlhahisoleseding ea boikutlo bo tsoang libokeng tse tsoang ka ntle le matšoao ho tloha boko ho lihlopha tse fapaneng tsa mesifa' meleng. E le hore u utloisise hantle hore na neuron e sebetsa joang, ke habohlokoa ho sheba karolo e 'ngoe le e' ngoe ea neuron. Mehaho e ikhethang ea neuron e lumella hore e fumane le ho fetisetsa lipontšo ho li-neurone tse ling hammoho le mefuta e meng ea lisele.
Basomi
Likokoana-hloko ke li-extensions tse kang sefate qalong ea neuron e thusang ho eketsa sebaka sa sefahleho sa sele. Ts'ebetso ena e nyenyane e fumana boitsebiso ho tsoa ho li-neurone tse ling le ho fetisetsa motlakase ho soma. Ma-dendrites a boetse a koahetsoe ke synapses.
Litšobotsi tsa Dendrite
- Li-neurone tse ngata li na le batho ba bangata ba dendrites
- Leha ho le joalo, li-neurone tse ling li ka 'na tsa e-ba le motho a le mong feela ea dendrite
- Tse ngata li khutšoanyane ebile li na le branched e ngata
- E fetisetsa boitsebiso ho 'mele oa sele
Li-neurons tse ngata li na le mekhabiso ena e kang ea lekala e atolohang ka ntle ho 'mele oa sele. Bana ba dendrites joale ba fumana lipontšo tsa lik'hemik'hale ho tswa ho li-neurons tse ling, tseo joale li fetoloang mehopolo ea motlakase e fetisetsoang ho ea ka 'mele oa sele.
Li-neurons tse ling li na le li-small-dendrites tse nyane haholo, ha lisele tse ling li na le nako e telele haholo. Ma-neurons a mekhatlo ea methapo e meholo e na le li-dendrites tse telele haholo le tse rarahaneng tse ntan'o fumana matšoao ho ba bangata joaloka li-neurone tse ling tse sekete.
Haeba mehopolo ea motlakase e fetisetsoa ka hare ho 'mele ea sele e le khōlō ka ho lekaneng, e tla hlahisa bokhoni bo itseng. Sena se etsa hore pontšo e fetisoe fatše ho axon.
Bala
Soma, kapa 'mele oa sele, ke moo lipontšo tse tsoang ho ba dendrites li kenngoa le ho fetisoa. Soma le nucleus ha li bapalle karolo e mafolofolo ho fetisetsa pontšo ea neural. Ho e-na le hoo, mehaho ena e 'meli e sebeletsa ho boloka seleng le ho boloka motšehare o sebetsa.
Litšobotsi tsa soma:
- E na le li-organelle tse ngata tse sebetsang mefuteng e mengata ea sele.
- E na le mokokotlo oa sele o hlahisang RNA e tsamaisang liprotheine.
- E tšehetsa le ho boloka ho sebetsa ha neuron.
Nahana ka 'mele oa sele e le fektheri e nyenyane e bakang motsoako. Soma e hlahisa liprotheine tseo likarolo tse ling tsa neuron, ho akarelletsa le li-dendrites, axons, le synapses, li hloka ho sebetsa hantle.
Mekhoa ea ts'ehetso ea sele e kenyelletsa mitochondria, e fanang ka matla bakeng sa sele, le lisebelisoa tsa Golgi, tseo lihlahisoa tsa liphutheloana tse entsoeng ka seleng le ho li romella libakeng tse sa tšoaneng ka hare le ka ntle ho sele.
Axon Hillock
Sehlopha sa axon se fumaneha qetellong ea soma mme se laola ho thunya ha neurone. Haeba matla a feletseng a pontšo a feta moeli oa monyako oa hillock ea axon, mohaho o tla chesa pontšo (e tsejoang e le bokhoni ba ho sebetsa ) ho theosa le axon.
Hllock ea axon e sebetsa e le ntho e itseng ea mookameli, e akaretsa pontšo ea ho thibela ho itšireletsa. Haeba kakaretso ea matšoao ana a fetisitse moeli o itseng, bokhoni ba ketso bo tla tsosoa 'me motlakase o tla fetisetsoa fatše ho tloha ho cell body. Mesebetsi ena e bakoa ke liphetoho lichabeng tsa ione tse amehang ke liphetoho tsa polarization.
Sebakeng se tloaelehileng sa ho phomola, neuron e na le polarization e ka hare -70mV. Ha pontšo e amoheloa ke sele, e etsa hore li-ion tsa sodium li kene ka seleng ebe li fokotsa polari.
Haeba hillock ea axon e senyeha ho ea fihla monyakong o itseng, ketso e ka 'nang ea e-ba ea mollo le ho fetisetsa motlakase ho theosa le synapses. Ke habohlokoa ho hlokomela hore bokhoni ba ketso ke mokhoa o mong le o mong kapa o se nang letho mme lipontšo tseo ha li fetisoe habonolo. Li-neurone li ka ba mollo kapa ha li joalo.
Axon
The axon ke fiber e lekaneng ho feta ho tloha ka selefouno ho ea qetellong ea ho qetela le ho fetisetsa letšoao la neural. E kholoanyane ea axon, e potlakisa ho fetisa tlhahisoleseding. Li-axone tse ling li koahetsoe ke ntho e mafura e bitsoang myelin e sebetsang e le insulator. Li-axon tsena tsa myelinated li fetisetsa tlhahisoleseding e potlakileng ho feta tse ling tsa neurons.
Litšoantšo tsa Axon
- Li-neurons tse ngata li na le axone e le 'ngoe feela
- Fetisa boitsebiso hōle le 'mele oa sele
- E ka 'na ea se ke ea e-ba sekoahelo sa myelin
Li-axx li ka fapana haholo ka boholo. Tse ling li khutšoanyane joaloka limilione tse 0,1, ha tse ling li ka feta bolelele ba limithara tse tharo.
Myelin e lika-liketsa li-neurons li sireletsa li-axon le lithuso ka lebelo la phetisetso. Karolo ea myelin e robehile ka lintlha tse tsejoang e le likhetho tsa Ranvier kapa likheo tsa myelin sheath. Mantsoe a motlakase a khona ho qhomela ho tloha nthong e 'ngoe ho ea ho e latelang, e nang le karolo ea ho potlakisa phetisetso ea pontšo.
Li-axx li kopana le lisele tse ling 'meleng hammoho le li-neurone tse ling, lisele tsa mesifa le litho tsa' mele. Litšebelisano tsena li hlaha likarolong tse tsejoang e le synapses. Li-synapse li lumella melaetsa ea motlakase le ea lik'hemik'hale hore e fetisoe ho tloha ho neurone ho ea lisele tse ling tsa 'mele.
Li-Buttons tsa Terminal le Synapses
Li-buttons tse qetang li fumaneha qetellong ea neuron 'me li na le boikarabelo ba ho romela pontšo ho li-neurone tse ling. Qetellong ea konopo ea konopo ke lekhalo le tsejoang e le synapse. Li-neurotransmitters li sebelisetsoa ho jara letšoao ho pholletsa le synapse ho li-neurons tse ling.
Li-bout tse qetellang li na le li-vesicles tse tšoereng li-neurotransmitters. Ha letšoao la motlakase le fihla likonkong tse fokolang, li-neurotransmitters li ntan'o lokolloa sekhethong sa synaptic. Li-bout tse qetellang li fetola maikutlo a motlakase hore e be lipontšo tsa lik'hemik'hale. Li-neurotransmitters ho feta ho tšela synapse moo li amoheloang ke lisele tse ling tsa methapo.
Li-buttons tsa ho qetela li boetse li ikarabella bakeng sa reuptake ea li-nourotransmitters leha e le life tse feteletseng tse lokolitsoeng nakong ena.
Lentsoe le Tsoang ho
Li-neuron li sebetsa e le motheo oa mehaho ea methapo 'me li na le boikarabelo ba ho buisana le melaetsa ho pholletsa le' mele. Ho tseba ho eketsehileng ka likarolo tse sa tšoaneng tsa neuron ho ka u thusa hore u utloisise hantle hore na mehaho ena ea bohlokoa e sebetsa joang le hore na mathata a fapaneng, a kang mafu a amanang le ts'oaetso, a ka 'na a ama tsela eo melaetsa e fetisetsoang ka eona' meleng.
> Mehloli:
> Debanne, D., Campana, E., Bialowas, A., Carlier, E., Alcaraz, G. Axon physiology. Litlhahlobo tsa kelello. 2011; 91 (2): 555-602. DOI: 10.1152 / physrev.00048.2009.
> Lodish, H., Berk, A., & Zipursky, SL, et al. (2000). Molecular Cell Biology, khatiso ea bone. New York: WH Freeman.
> Squire, L., Berg, D., Bloom, F., le Lac, S., Ghosh, A., & Spitzer, N., eds. (2008). Ntho e ka sehloohong ea methapo ea pelo (3rd ed.). Khatello ea Sekolo.