Hantle-ntle bohlale ke eng? Le hoja bohlale ke e 'ngoe ea lipuo tse ngata tse buang ka litaba tsa kelello , ha ho na tlhaloso e tloaelehileng ea se hlileng se leng bohlale. Bafuputsi ba bang ba bontšitse hore bohlale bo na le bokhoni bo le bong, bo tloaelehileng, ha ba bang ba lumela hore bohlale bo akarelletsa mekhoa e mengata, bokhoni le litalenta.
Kamoo litsebi tsa kelello li hlalosang bohlale kateng
Bohlale bo 'nile ba e-ba taba ea bohlokoa le e tsosang maikutlo historing eohle ea kelello ea kelello. Ho sa tsotellehe thahasello e kholo tabeng ena, ho sa ntse ho e-na le phapang e khōlō mabapi le hore na ke likarolo life tse hlahisang bohlale. Ntle le lipotso tsa hantle hore na u ka hlalosa bohlale joang, moferefere o tsoela pele kajeno mabapi le hore na litekanyo tse nepahetseng li ka khoneha.
Lintlheng tse sa tšoaneng historing ea morao-rao, bafuputsi ba 'nile ba fana ka tlhaloso e fapaneng ea bohlale. Le hoja litlhaloso tsena li ka fapana ka mokhoa o fapaneng ho tloha ho theorist ho ea ho tse latelang, likhopolo tsa morao-rao li atisa ho fana ka maikutlo a hore bohlale bo kenyelletsa boemo ba bokhoni ba ho etsa se latelang:
- Ithute: Ho fumana, ho boloka le ho sebelisa tsebo ke karolo ea bohlokoa ea bohlale.
- Hlokomela mathata: Ho beha tsebo ho e sebelisa, batho ba tlameha ho tseba mathata a mang a tikolohong a lokelang ho rarolloa.
- Ho rarolla mathata: Batho ba tlameha ho nka seo ba ithutileng sona hore ba fumane tharollo e sebetsang bothateng boo ba bo boneng lefatšeng le ba pota-potileng.
Bohlale bo na le bokhoni bo fapaneng ba kelello bo akarelletsang ho beha mabaka, ho beha mabaka, ho rarolla bothata le ho rera. Le hoja taba ea bohlale e le e 'ngoe ea tse kholo ka ho fetisisa le e hlalositsoeng ka ho fetisisa, e boetse ke e' ngoe ea lihlooho tse hlahisang khang e khōlō.
Le hoja litsebi tsa kelello hangata li sa lumellane ka tlhaloso le lisosa tsa bohlale, lipatlisiso tsa bohlale li phetha karolo ea bohlokoa likarolong tse ngata. Libaka tsena li kenyelletsa liqeto tse mabapi le hore na chelete e lokela ho fanoa joang mananeong a thuto, tšebeliso ea liteko ho ba batlang mosebetsi, le ho sebelisa liteko ho lemoha bana ba hlokang thuso e eketsehileng ea thuto.
Tlhaho ea Bohlale
Lentsoe "intelligence quotient," kapa IQ, le qalisoa lekholong la bo20 la lilemo ke setsebi sa kelello sa Jeremane se bitsoang William Stern. Setsebi sa kelello Alfred Binet o ile a hlahisa liteko tsa pele tsa bohlale ho thusa 'muso oa Fora hore o tsebe bana ba sekolo ba hlokang thuso e eketsehileng ea thuto. Binet e bile eena oa pele ea ho hlahisa maikutlo a nako ea kelello, kapa setebo sa bokhoni boo bana ba lilemo tse itseng ba nang le bona.
Ho tloha ka nako eo, tlhahlobo ea lisebelisoa e hlahile e le sesebelisoa se sebelisitsoeng haholo se bakileng ho hlahisa liteko tse ling tse ngata tsa bokhoni le bokhoni. Leha ho le joalo, e tsoela pele ho tsosa likhang le phehisano mabapi le tšebeliso ea liteko tse joalo, litloaelo tsa moetlo tse ka 'nang tsa ameha, tse susumetsang bohlale, esita le tsela eo re hlalosang bohlale ka eona.
Khopolo ea Bohlale
Bafuputsi ba fapaneng ba hlahisitse likhopolo tse sa tšoaneng ho hlalosa hore na bohlale bo joang. Mona ke tse ling tsa likhopolo tse kholo tsa tsebo tse hlahileng lilemong tse 100 tse fetileng:
Charles Spearman: General Intelligence
Setsebi sa kelello sa Brithani, Charles Spearman (1863-1945), o hlalositse khopolo eo a neng ae bitsa " bohlale bo akaretsang" kapa " g" . Ka mor'a hore a sebelise mokhoa o tsejoang e le ho hlahloba lintlha ho hlahloba liteko tse ling tsa kelello, Spearman o ile a etsa qeto ea hore lintlha tse ngata litsing tsena li ne li tšoana haholo. Batho ba ileng ba etsa hantle tlhahlobo e le 'ngoe ea ts'oaetso ba ne ba atisa ho etsa liteko tse ling, athe ba neng ba hlasetsoe hampe tekong e le' ngoe ba ne ba atisa ho ngolla ba bang hampe. O ile a etsa qeto ea hore bohlale bo na le bokhoni ba ho tseba lintho ka kakaretso bo ka hlalosoang le ho baloa ka palo.
Louis L. Thurstone: Mesebetsi ea Mantlha ea Kelello
Setsebi sa kelello Louis L.Thurstone (1887-1955) se ile sa fana ka khopolo e fapaneng ea bohlale. Ho e-na le ho talima tsebo e le ntho e le 'ngoe, bokhoni bo tloaelehileng, khopolo ea Thurstone e lebisitse tlhokomelo linthong tse supileng tse ka sehloohong tsa kelello tse ka sehloohong. Tsebo eo ae hlalositseng e kenyelletsa:
- Tlhaloso ea mantsoe
- Ho beha mabaka
- Lebelo la kutloisiso
- Bokhoni bo bongata
- Ho bua ka mokhoa o phollatsi
- Khopotso ea metsoalle
- Pono ea libaka
Howard Gardner: Multiple Intelligences
E 'ngoe ea likhopolo tsa morao tjena tse hlahelang ke khopolo ea Howard Gardner ea mahlale a mangata . Ho e-na le ho lebisa tlhokomelo tlhahlobo ea lipalo tsa tlhahlobo, Gardner o ile a etsa tlhahiso ea hore lipolelo tsa linomoro tsa bohlale ba motho, tse kang tekong ea IQ, ha li bontšoe ka botlalo le tse nepahetseng tsa bokhoni ba batho. Khopolo ea hae e hlalosa mefuta e robeli e fapaneng ea bohlale bo itšetlehileng ka tsebo le bokhoni bo bohlokoa ho litso tse fapaneng.
Mefuta e robeli ea tsebo ea Gardner e hlalosoang ke:
- Bohlale ba ho sheba-sebaka
- Tsebo ea lipuo-lipuo
- Bohlale ba 'mele bo nang le' mele
- Tsebo e utloahalang-lipalo tsa lipalo
- Sesebelisoa sa boipheliso
- Tsebo ea 'mino
- Intrapersonal intelligence
- Bohlale ba tlhaho
Robert Sternberg: Khopolo ea Triarchic ea Intelligence
Setsebi sa kelello ea bitsoang Robert Sternberg o ile a hlalosa bohlale "e le boikutlo ba kelello bo lebiselitsoeng ho feto-fetoha ha maemo a itseng, ho khetholla le ho bōpa libaka tsa sebele tsa lefatše tse amanang le bophelo ba motho." Ha a ntse a lumellana le Gardner hore bohlale bo pharaletseng ho feta bokhoni bo le bong, ka kakaretso, o ile a fana ka tlhahiso ea hore mofuta o mong oa bohlale ba Gardner o nkoa e le litalenta tsa batho ka bomong. Sternberg o ile a fana ka tlhahiso ea seo a neng a se bitsa "bohlale bo atlehileng," bo akarelletsang mabaka a mararo a sa tšoaneng:
- Tlhahlobo ea lisebelisoa: Tsebo ea ho rarolla mathata.
- Bohlale ba tlhaho: Bokhoni ba hau ba ho sebetsana le maemo a macha u sebelisa liphihlelo tse fetileng le tsebo ea morao-rao.
- Bohlale bo sebetsang: Bokhoni ba hau ba ho ikamahanya le maemo a fetohileng.
Lipotso Mabapi le Teko ea Bohlale
E le hore u fumane kutloisiso e tebileng ea bohlale le liteko tse entsoeng ho leka ho lekanya khopolo ena, ke habohlokoa ho utloisisa histori ea tlhahlobo ea lisebelisoa, lipatlisiso tsa saense tse entsoeng, le liphuputso tse hlahileng.
Lipotso tse kholo mabapi le bohlale le liteko tsa IQ li ntse li kenyeletsa:
- Na bohlale bo na le bokhoni bo le bong, kapa bo na le tsebo e ngata ea bokhoni le bokhoni?
- Na bohlale bo futsitse, kapa tikoloho e phetha karolo e kholo?
- Na liteko tsa tlhahlobo ea lisebelisoa li leeme?
- Tsebo ea kelello e ngata hakae, eseng letho?
Ho hlahloba lipotso tsena, litsebi tsa kelello li entse lipatlisiso tse ngata ka tlhaho, tšusumetso le liphello tsa bohlale.
Lentsoe le Tsoang ho
Ha ho ntse ho e-na le khang e kholo mabapi le sebōpeho sa bohlale, ha ho na likhopolo tse hlakileng tse hlahang. Kajeno, litsebi tsa kelello li atisa ho bala lipolelo tse ngata tsa khopolo ha li bua ka bohlale le ho lumela hore moqoqo ona o tsoela pele.
> Mehloli:
> Gardner H. Frames of Mind: Theory of Multiple Intelligences. 3rd ed. New York: Libuka Tsa Motheo; 2011.
> Moeta-pele C. "Bohlale ba Bohlale," ka Boikokobetso Ho khethoa le ho lekanyetsoa. Journal of American Psychology 15. 1904; 15: 201-293.
> Sternberg RJ. Beyond IQ: Thuto ea Triarchic ea Intelligence . Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 1985.
> Thurstone LL. Matla a Maikemisetso a Mantlha . Chicago: University of Chicago Press; 1938.