Lintho tse khothatsang ke sehlopha sa lithethefatsi tse sebetsanang le kelello tse eketsang tšebetso bokong . Lithethefatsi tsena li ka phahamisa tlhokomelo, maikutlo le ho lemoha ka nakoana. Lithethefatsi tse ling tse tsosang takatso li sebelisoa ka molao ebile li sebelisoa haholo. Li-stimulants tse ngata li ka boela tsa lemalla. Litšusumetso li na le mekhoa e mengata e tloaelehileng, empa e 'ngoe le e' ngoe e na le thepa e ikhethang le mekhoa ea liketso.
Lithethefatsi tse nkoang e le tse susumetsang li kenyelletsa:
- Caffeine
- Nicotine
- Cocaine
- Methamphetamine
- Litlhahiso tsa phekolo ea meriana
Caffeine
Caffeine ke eona e sebelisoang ka ho fetisisa ho sebelisoa kelello lefatšeng, e fumanehang ka kofi, tee, cocoa, candy candy le lino tse tahang. Le hoja caffeine e na le liphello tse 'maloa tse ntle tse kang ho eketseha ha matla le ho falimeha kelellong, tšebeliso e matla e ka baka matšoao a kang ho tšoenyeha le ho hlobaela. Caffeine e lemalla 'meleng,' me matšoao a ho itokolla a ka kenyelletsa hlooho ea hlooho, mokhathala le ho halefa.
Nicotine
Nko ea bokooa e nkoa e le e 'ngoe ea tse tharo tse sebelisoang haholo ho sebelisoa ke lithethefatsi lefats'eng ho sa tsotellehe hore ho na le tse seng kae (haeba li le teng) tse sebelisoang ke bongaka bakeng sa lithethefatsi. Mathoasong a ho fihlela bohareng ba lekholo la mashome a metso e mabeli la lilemo, ho tsuba ho ne ho nkoa e le feshene Litlaleho tsa liphello tse mpe tsa bophelo bo botle li entse hore tšebeliso ea lisakerete e nkiloe ka ho eketsehileng. Leha ho le joalo, Leha ho le joalo, Litsi tsa Tlhokomelo le Thibelo ea Maloetse (CDC) li tlaleha hore ka 2014, hoo e ka bang karolo ea 17 lekholong ea batho ba baholo ba United States ba fetang lilemo tse 18 (ba ka bang limilione tse 40) ba tsuba lisakerete.
Setsi sa Sechaba sa Tlhekefetso ea Lithethefatsi se tlaleha hore ho sebelisa koae ke sesosa se ka sehloohong sa lefu, mafu le bokooa United States, ka tšebeliso ea lisakeretso e boleloang ke batho ba fetang 480 000 ba sa tsoa shoa selemo le selemo.
Cocaine
Cocaine ke lithethefatsi tse seng molaong tse sebetsang ka molao tse entsoeng ka makhasi a sefate sa coca.
Nakong ea bofelong ba lilemo tsa bo-1800, setsebi sa psychoanalyst Sigmund Freud o ile a khothalletsa tšebeliso ea cocaine e le phekolo ea meriana ea mafu a kelello, empa hamorao a lemoha lithethefatsi tsa lithethefatsi. Mathoasong a lilemo tsa bo-1900, cocaine e ne e le molaong United States 'me e ka fumanoa meriana e mengata e holimo.
Ka 1906, 'muso o ile oa qala ho hloka bahlahisi hore ba tšoaee lihlahisoa tse nang le li-cocaine mme ba qala ho beha lithibelo tse tebileng ho ajoa lilemong tsa bo-1920. Cocaine ke ntho e fokolang le ho sebelisoa ha eona le ho rekisoa ho nkoa e le molaong maemong a mangata. Kajeno, k'hok'heine ke eona moriana oa bobeli o sebelisoang hangata ho seng molaong United States.
Cocaine e kenngoa ka potlako ho tloha leha e le efe ea tsamaiso, ho kenyelletsoa ho ts'oa, ho koalloa, ho kenngoa kapa ho nkoa ka molomo. Lithethefatsi li fihla boko ka potlako 'me li abeloa likarolo tse ling ho pholletsa le' mele. Kogaine e potlakisoa haholo ke li-enzyme sebeteng le plasma ka metsotso e ka bang 30 ho isa ho e 60, empa e ka fumanoa ka liteko tsa mochini oa li-urine ho fihlela lihora tse 12 kamora 'muso.
Methamphetamine
Kajeno, methamphetamine, e tsejoang hape e le meth, ke e 'ngoe ea li-stimulants tse seng molaong tse sebelisoang haholo. Meth e lemalla haholo 'me e senya likarolo tsa bokong, tse ka lebisang ho senya boko.
Litšusumetso tsa ngaka
Litlhahiso tsa phekolo ea meriana ke sehlopha sa lithethefatsi tsa psychoactive tse amang tsamaiso ea methapo e matla le tsamaiso ea methapo ea boithaopo . Tse ling tsa liphello tsa ho sebelisa lithethefatsi tsena li akarelletsa ho thothomela, vasoconstriction, ho hloka botsitso, tachycardia, ho hlobaela, ho sithabela le ho lahleheloa ke takatso ea lijo.
Litho tsena li kile tsa sebelisoa haholo ka botenya le kalafo ea tahlehelo ea 'mele, empa mekhoa ea bona ea ho lemalla e entse hore e se ke ea sebelisoa ka seoelo kajeno.
Li-stimulants tsa kalafo ea bongaka li sebelisetsoa ho sebetsana le mathata a mang a 'mele le a kelello , ho akarelletsa le ho hloka tlhokomelo ea khatello ea kelello ea mafu (ADHD) le lefu la sekolo se kotsi.
Mabitso a tloaelehileng a ts'oaetso ea ngaka e kenyelletsa Ritalin, Adderall le Dexedrine. Litlhahiso tsa phekolo ea phekolo e sebetsa ka ho ntlafatsa liphello tsa dopamine le norepinephrine, 'me li ka lebisa khatellong ea mali, ts'ebetso ea ho hema le ho fokola.
Litlhahiso
Litsi tsa Tlhokomelo le Thibelo ea Maloetse. (nd). Serole sa hona joale se tsuba har'a batho ba baholo United States. E khutlisitsoe ho http://www.cdc.gov/tobacco/data_statistics/fact_sheets/adult_data/cig_smoking/index.htm.
Jonnes, J. (1999). Li-hep-cats, li-narc le litoro tsa pipe: Histori ea lerato la Amerika le lithethefatsi tse seng molaong . Baltimore: John Hopkins University Press.
Julien, RM (2001). Tlhahlobo ea lithethefatsi. New York: Bahoeletsi ba Bohlokoa.
Juliano LM, & Griffiths, RR (2004). Tlhahlobo ea bohlokoa ea ho tlosoa ha caffeine: Ho tiisoa ha matšoao a matšoao le matšoao, liketsahalo, matla le likarolo tse amanang. Psychopharmacology, 176, 1-29.
Mokhatlo oa Sechaba oa Tlhekefetso ea Meriana. (2008, la 22 July). Meriana e tlamang: Tlhekefetso le lithethefatsi. E khutlisitsoe ho http://www.nida.nih.gov/ResearchReports/Prescription/Prescription4.html
Mokhatlo oa Sechaba oa Tlhekefetso ea Meriana. (nd). Tlhapi / Nicotine e khutlisitsoe ho http://www.drugabuse.gov/drugs-abuse/tobacco-nicotine
Thompson, PM, Hayashi, KM Simon, SL London, ED, le ba bang. (2004). Boemo bo sa tloaelehang boemong ba lihlooho tsa batho ba sebelisang methamphetamine. Journal of Neuroscience, 24, 6028-6036.